Root growth angle (RGA) is an important trait that influences the ability of rice to avoid drought stress. The plants were 2.2 feet tall, but the root system reached a maximum depth (4.8 feet) which was more than twice as great as the height of the shoot. S1 File shows the root image analysis method that used in this study. The cultivar, N rate and water regime in each experiment were showed in Table 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.t002. 5 and 6) experiments. These differences of root morphology among the cultivars showed different nutrient and water uptake patterns. Root systems serve an essential role in water and nutrient absorption [14]. Root distribution in the soil determines plants nutrient and water uptake capacity. The mixture was soaked in water until it reached its water holding capacity. Data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA and significant differences of treatment means were compared by the Fisher's protected least significant difference (LSD) procedure with the SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., 2008). Datasets from pot experiments were used to evaluate the effects of cultivars, N rates, and water regimes on root development. Some root below 1.2 m while others have shallow rooting depths. N was provided as urea, split into 4 applications: 50% prior to transplanting, 20% at the onset of tillering, 20% at spikelet initiation, and 10% at the beginning of the grain filling period. Thus, the diameter of FLRs decreased before 48 DATs (Fig 2 FLR-1 and 2, Fig 3 FLR-1 and 2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.s004. Three cultivars including Nipponbare 14 (Japonica rice), Wuxiangjing 14 (Japonica rice), and Yangdao 6 (Indica rice) were evaluated in the cultivar experiments (Exp. Rice plants form fibrous root systems consists of an ephemeral seminal root, nodal roots, and their lateral roots. W1, keeping 12 cm water layer; W2, wetting irrigation; W3, dry cultivation. For example, the mean root diameters of TLRs and NRs of V3 were in the 165.2170.4 m and 661.5743.3 m ranges, respectively, but for V1 and V2, values were 142.3150.3 m and 486.3556.3 m (Fig 2 TLR-1, NR-1, TLR-2, and NR-2). One plant was transplanted into each 60 cm high and 36 cm inside diameter PVC pot which contained a 2:1 mixture of air dried soil (Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosol) and sterilized sand. We investigated root architectural and anatomical phenes of 11 cultivars of Egyptian paddy rice grown under well-watered, aerobic conditions (Additional file 1: Table S1).There was significant genetic variation in shoot dry biomass, tiller number and maximum root depth of 4-week-old plants (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.g008, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.g009, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.g010. 1). In the water experiments (Fig 7), with the water treatments, lengths of lateral roots under W2 treatment increased faster than those under W1 and W3 treatments, but the lengths of nodal roots under W2 treatment increased nearly as fast as those of W1. The trench profile method is used to observe the root distribution underground by making a rectangular hole close to the crop, providing informative images of the root distribution compared to other root phenotyping methods. PAGE ODA Tropical Plant Nematology Laboratory, Nematology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, England. Thus, based on the experiments involving different cultivars, N rates and water regimes in 20072009 by using image analysis software WinRhizo, the objectives of this study are to (1) study the dynamics of the length and diameter of NRs, FLRs and TLRs during growth period under cultivar, water and N treatments, and (2) determine the impacts of different water and N conditions on the surface area percentages of the three types of roots for helping understand rice root nutrition and water uptake. Copyright: 2017 Gu et al. For example, after 48 DAT, the mean diameters of FLRs under W1 were 43.845.4 m but under W2 and W3, root diameters were 45.349.3 m (Fig 4 FLR-5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.s005. B. The FLRs form the primary mechanism for absorbing water and nutrients, while TLRs help extend the entire root system for absorbing water and nutrients into a larger soil volume. When in doubt about the soil profile or rooting depth, use a soil auger or better yet a backhoe, to determine the rooting depth and soil profile textural characteristics. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.g002. V1, Nipponbare; V2, Wuxiangjing 14; V3, Yangdao 6. Yes rice cultivars in Arkansas ranges from 105 to 145 days from germination to maturity, depending on the . For analysis, roots were excised from main stem and tillers, placed in a plexiglas trays (200 by 300 mm) with a 4 to 6 mm deep layer of water, and spread out with tweezers to minimize overlapping. S6 File shows the data of the surface area of three types of rice roots. W3>W2>W1, except for the SAPF in Exp. The values are the means of 3 replicates ( SE). roots with higher penetration ability have an advantage for absorbing water from deeper soil layers. High N rate increased the length of different types of roots and increased the MD of lateral roots, decreased the SAP of FLRs (SAPF) and TLRs, but increased the SAP of NRs (SAPN). Many studies have analyzed root morphology using the WinRhizo image analysis system [3537]. After transplanting, roots were sampled at 7 to 12 days intervals, and three plants were sampled for each treatment. The nutrient content of the soil mixtures for the various years is shown in Table 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.t001. Thus, ideally, the irrigation depth and/or the irrigation interval (or frequency) vary with the crop development (Figure 8). However, these tendencies were not significant under 0 N treatments and water controlled treatments (W2 and W3), this may because higher order lateral roots were decreased under nitrogen and water deficiency conditions. The values are the means of 3 replicates ( SE). Yes We 5 Cool season grass varieties include bluegrass, ryegrass and fescue. The common indices for describing root morphology are total dry weight, volume, surface area, and length. Thus, the field management measures and breeding improvement should take account the root morphology traits [4244]. Brigitte Courtois. D. 90 cm. The difference between V1 and V2 were relatively smaller. Moderate decrease of water supply increased root length and diameter, water stress increased the SAPF and SAPT, but decreased SAPN. The similar results also showed in the previous study that lateral roots are easy to wither, particularly under unsuitable conditions such as poor soil and drought conditions [33]. No, Is the Subject Area "Lateral roots" applicable to this article? Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The depth of rice root zone, is. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.g006. For thick roots, root direction (P v) and root orientation coefficients (CO) were strongly dependent on soil depth (Fig 4; CO = 1.937 Z+1.42; R 2 = 0.839, n = 70). S5 File shows the changes in surface area of three types of rice roots. And the relevant raw data are available in S2, S3 and S4 Files. 1 and 2), while Wuxiangjing 14 was evaluated in the nitrogen (Exp. Z. Li. The quantitative results indicate that rice plant tends to increase lateral roots to get more surface area for nitrogen and water uptake when available assimilates are limiting under nitrogen and water stress environments. Rice ( Oryza sativa ) is a semiaquatic plant that is well adapted to partial flooding. 133 12.3 2 241 22.3 3, the mean diameters of NRs of N1 were 427.4505.4 m, and with applied N, the range was 486.9552.9 m (Fig 3 NR-3). The dynamics in the mean diameter of three types of rice root at different growth stages were analysed using the data obtained by WinRhizo. Typical upland rice has deeper rooting than lowland rice 7 . The plow pan was 1, the length of FLRs of V3 was 3.11 times the mean value of those of V1 or V2 (Fig 5 FLR-1). However, few studies and little detailed and accurate information of root characteristics were reported in fine-rooted plants like rice (Oryza sativa L.). 70 cm. 2 (Fig 6 FLR-3). Number Frequency a Scoring system for deep root. The rice roots have no secondary thickening and the diameters were normally in the order of NR > TLR > FLR. The results also showed that the diameter and surface area percentage of NRs increased with the increase of N rates (Fig 6 NR-3 and 4; Fig 9 NR-3 and 4), indicating that the relative lower root biomass leaded to thinner NRs. Abstract. Root depth can help determine the best height for raised garden beds. In the N experiments (Fig 6), increasing N rate accelerated the growth and branching rate of roots, which resulted in the length differences of three types of rice roots among different N rates in Exp. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) root systems play an important role in uptake of water and nutrients from soil.A 4-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrient and water regimes on root growth by measuring the root diameter, root density, and root activity. And the mean diameter of NRs under W3 was larger than those under W1 and W2 at the early stage of the treatment. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources However, the diameter of FLRs and TLRs showed no significant differences between N treatments (Fig 3 FLR-3, TLR-3, FLR-4 and TLR-4), while surface area percentage of FLRs and TLRs decreased with the increase of N rates (Fig 9 FLR-3, TLR-3, FLR-4 and TLR-4), this indicated that rice plant tends to grow lateral roots under N stress conditions. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Higher N supply typically generates more tillers and roots on tillers, and also accelerates root growth and branching [45, 46]. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968. Previous studies showed that appropriate water stress induces the growth of roots [33, 39]. Most rice roots may be characterized as very fine (< 0.5 mm). For example, at 78 days after transplanting (DAT) in Exp. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.s006. Pots were prepared one week before transplanting. The rooting depth may be affected by the soil depth, constraining soil layers (hardpan, plowpan, etc. Nodal roots emerge from the basal internode of stems and are called nodal roots (NRs). Get PDF Reader No, Is the Subject Area "Water stress" applicable to this article? Grasses are variable in rooting depth. A. 59). Root Morphology and Anatomy of 11 Egyptian Cultivars Under Well-watered Conditions. Department of Crop & Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America. The research community needs a better understanding of the genetic variation in rice for drought response and root For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click (2017) Quantitative Classification of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Root Length and Diameter Using Image Analysis. 90 cm. However, the soil environment prevents direct observation of roots, making sample acquisition and analysis of root morphology challenging and costly [1012]. Many studies have suggested that a deep root system helps plants to avoid drought stress by extracting water from deep soil layers 4,5,6. Once the width of the flume becomes 2/3rd of the width of the distributary, the splayed walls are increased to 1 in 3 to get full bed width. The details of root image analysis method were described in S1 File. Yes No, Is the Subject Area "Root growth" applicable to this article? 50 cm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.g007. 50 cm. The numbers following the letters denote Exp.1 and 2. The field capacity of a soil depends upon. 4 The value for p for rice is 0.20 of saturation. This study also showed the similar results that the root length of wet water treatment was the longest, while that of dry treatment was the shortest (Fig 7) due to too little root biomass accumulated under severe water stress condition. To date, studies have been carried out to identify root morphological features such as root mass and depth, root axis length, and lateral branching related to NUE [82, 83, 84]. Figure2-2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169968.g003. NRs form the basic framework of the root system, with lateral roots providing a fine network [17, 32, 33]. In this study, we revealed that a cloned rice quantitative trait locus associated with root growth angle, qSOR1 , is a DRO1 homolog involved in root gravitropic responses. 5 which was W3>W1>W2 in several stages. The numbers following the letters denote Exp.3 and 4, and the cultivar Wuxiangjing 14 was used. Citation: Gu D, Zhen F, Hannaway DB, Zhu Y, Liu L, Cao W, et al. The seminal root originates from the embryo and lives only about 30 days through the early period of plant growth. breeding of rice. indica) John BRIDGE and Sam L. J. The rooting depths of a number of crops are shown in the table below. During these last 20 days, there had occurred a marked development of roots (Fig. S4 File shows the raw data for of each root image used for Figs 210. Table . here. Under upland conditions, the maximum root depth of the Dro1-NIL was more than 40cm while that of IR64 was around 20cm 21. Cultivars treatments in Exp.1: V1, Nipponbare; V2, Wuxiangjing 14; V3, Yangdao 6. For example, the average total length of NRs under N3 reached 161.3 m but was only 27.0 m under N1 at the 82 DAT in Exp. China, Affiliation Root zone depth will vary according to the effective soil depth, fertility management, and the Most rice roots may be characterized as very fine (< 0.5 mm). C. 80 cm. The root length and diameter were measured by software WinRhizo (version 5.0) software. In the cultivar experiments (Fig 8), for different cultivars, the SAP of fine lateral roots (SAPF) and nodal roots (SAPN) of V3 were significantly lower than V1 and V2, but contrary to the SAP of thick lateral roots (SAPT). Brigitte Courtois. Warm season varieties include bermuda grass, buffalo grass and St. Augustine grass. the radicle or embryonic primary root) elongates slightly, emerging through the seed coat, allowing the radicle to break through the coleorhiza and Yes Fratio P SS d.f. In cultivar experiment, among the three cultivars, root length of Yangdao 6 was longest, while the MD of its FLR was the smallest, and the mean diameters for TLR and NR were the largest, the surface area percentage (SAP) of TLRs (SAPT) was the highest, indicating that Yangdao 6 has better nitrogen and water uptake ability. The values are the means of 3 replicates ( SE). The changing trends of surface area with growth stages were similar with those of root length (see S5 and S6 Files), thereby only the dynamics of their surface area percentages (SAP) in rice plant are presented. Indica rice usually has a larger root system (such as biomass and length), but it doesnt induce a significantly higher yield. Samples were labeled, placed in plastic containers with lids, and stored in a 4C refrigerator. No, Is the Subject Area "Nutrients" applicable to this article? PLoS ONE 12(1): Answer: Option D A very simple, low cost method of assessing root depth of seedlings using a layer of herbicide (TRIK or diuron) buried 25 or 30 cm deep in soilfilled boxes of varying size is described that is suitable for screening hundreds or thousands of rice accessions in controlled environment conditions. If not analysed immediately, root samples were immersed in a 35% aqueous ethanol solution. The length and surface area percentage of FLRs and TLRs of V3 significantly higher than those of V1 and V2 (Figs 5 and 7), indicating V3 has better branching ability on lateral roots, especially on the TLRs that could be helpful to further expand soil space based on the growth of NRs. Summary of screening for deep roots by the root box technique. The SAPN were W1>W2>W3, and there was significant difference among the three treatments. Drought is the most serious abiotic stress that limits crop production under rainfed conditions. Soil depth where 90% of the roots were distributed was 23 em in rice, 35-38 cm in potato and soybean, 48-51 cm in sugarbeet and wheat, and 59 cm in maize. During the mid season, the irrigation depth should be larger and given less frequently due to high evapotranspiration and maximum root depth. While the soil's texture impacts the amount of stored soil moisture, the plant's rooting characteristics determine how much of the soil moisture can be accessed by the plant.
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